Câu Trực tiếp - Gián tiếp (Direct and indirect/ Reported speech)

CÂU TRỰC TIẾP - GIÁN TIẾP:
(DIRECT AND INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH)
Câu gián tiếp (Lời nói gián tiếp) là tường thuật lại ý của người nói.
* Để chuyển 1 câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp chúng ta cần lưu ý:
- Phải đổi ngôi (chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu)
+ Ngôi 1: -> Cùng ngôi với chủ ngữ của động từ dẫn. 
Eg: He said: “I like English”-> He said that he like English.
+ Ngôi 2: -> Cùng ngôi với TN của động từ dẫn. 
Eg: He told me: “You should learn English”.
->He told me that I should learn English.
+ Ngôi 3 -> ngôi 3 
Eg: Trực tiếp: He said: “she goes out” 
-> Gián tiếp: He said that she went out
Khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp, phải đổi thì của động từ, tính từ và trạng từ: 
HTĐ -> QKĐ
HTHT
 -> QKHT
QKĐ 
-> QKHT
HTTD 
-> QKTD
QKTD 
-> QKHTTD
HTHTTD
->QKHTTD
can 
-> could
May
 -> might
Must
 -> had to
last 
-> before
Ago
->before
Next
->thefollowing
Tomorrow
->the following day
yesterday 
-> the day before
yesterday 
-> the previous day
yesterday 
-> the day before
last week 
-> the previous week
last week 
->the week before
will 
-> would
this 
-> that
these 
-> those
Now
 -> then
today 
-> that day
here 
-> there 
1. Chuyển câu trần thuật gián tiếp :
S + said / told + O + that + S + (V) + O
Ex: He said: “I can help him tomorrow” 
-> He said that he could help him the following day.
2. Câu hỏi gián tiếp:
 a) Yes/No question: 
Ex: He told me: “Do you like English?”.
 -> He asked me if I liked English.
S + (ask)+ O + if/whether + S + (V) + O hỏi ai xem có làm gì không
b) Wh – question: 
Ex: He said to me: “Where are you living now?” . 
 -> He asked me where I was living then.
S + (ask) + O + Wh - question + S + (V) + O
3. Câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp:
a) Ex: He said to me: “Open your book, please” -> He told me to open my book
“V + O” -> S + told/asked + O + to V + O
b) Ex: He said to her: “Don’t close the window” 
	-> He told her not to close the window.
“Don’t + V + O” -> S + told/asked + O + not to V + O
4. Lưu ý: - Chỉ động từ tường thuật ở quá khứ mới lùi thì 
Ex: + He said: “I’m learning English” -> He said that he was learning English.
 + He says: “I’m learning English” -> He says that he’s learning English.
- “said to + O” thường không dùng trong câu gián tiếp “told + O”
- Về lí thuyết khi động từ thường thuật ở quá khứ phải lùi thì nhưng một số trường hợp sau không phải lùi:
a) Câu trực tiếp là 1 chân lí khoa học, 1 sự thật luôn đúng: 
 Ex: My teacher said: “The Earth moves around the Sun” ->My teacher said that The Earth moves around the Sun
b) Khi thời gian không đổi thì không lùi thì:
 Ex: He said: “The film was at 6 o’clock” -> He said that the film was at 6 o’clock
c) Thì quá khứ giả định sau câu ước:
 Ex: He said: “I wish I had a computer” -> He said that he wished he had a computer
d) Thì quá khứ sau những liên từ chỉ thời gian:
 Ex: He said: I met her when I was in London”.
 -> He said that he met her when he was in London
e) Câu điều kiện loại 2,3
 Ex: She said: “If I was a doctor I would save hisson”.
 -> She said that If she were a doctor she would save hisson
f) - Cấu trúc : used to + V: 
 Ex: He said: “I used to smoke” .
-> He said that he used to smoke
- Từ “must -> had to” khi nó là bổn phận, sẽ không đổi khi nó là suy luận, suy đoán, cấm đoán.
 Ex: + He said: “I must work hard”.
 	-> He said that he had to work hard.
 + My mother said: “You must not go out”.
 	 -> My mother said that I must not go out.
 Ex: He said: “I will meet you this weekend” 
	-> He said that he would meet me that weekend
- Từ: this/ that/ these/those/the + danh từ 
 Ex: He said: “I bought this shirt last night 
	 -> He said that he had bought the shirt the night before
- Từ: this/ that -> it/she/he/him/her These/ those -> they/them
 Ex: He said: “This is my wife”.
	 -> He said that she was his wife.
Nếu động từ tường thuật đi sau câu trực tiếp khi chủ ngữ là danh từ, phải đảo ngữ. Ex: “I don’t go out” said Lan.