Tiếng Anh - Cách dùng và tạo mệnh đề quan hệ

 CẤn Chính Trường EXTRA COURSE 10 & 11 RELATIVE CLAUSES 
CÁCH DÙNG VÀ TẠO MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 
 Trong tiếng Anh, mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) được dùng khi chúng ta muốn thêm 
thông tin vế 1 người hay sự vật được nêu ra trong câu nói trước đó để khỏi phải nói 
thêm câu thứ 2, 3Giả dụ thấy một cô gái đang nói chuyện với Nam, ta muốn biết cô 
ấy là ai, và hỏi 1 người bạn có biết cô ấy không. Ta nói: 
 - A girl is talking to Nam. Do you know her? [hai câu đơn riêng biệt.] 
 Thay vì phải nói 2 câu như trên, ta ghép thông tin của 2 câu thành 1 câu; phần thứ 
nhất của câu là “bạn muốn biết cô gái ấy là ai”. Ta viết hoặc nói: 
 - Do you know the girl? 
 Nếu ta không thêm thông tin vế cô gái ta muốn hỏi, người bạn sẽ KHÔNG biết ta đang 
hỏi về cô gái nào. Do đó, ta thêm “cô gái đang nói chuyện với Nam.” Tiếng Anh như 
sau: - Do you know the girl who is talking to Nam? 
 Phân tích câu trên: 
 “Do you know the girl” gọi là mệnh đề chính (Main Clause) 
 “who is talking to Nam” gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative Clause) 
 “the girl” gọi là “tiền-từ” (antecedent) của WHO 
 “who” gọi là đại từ quan hệ (Relative Pronoun), ở đây là chủ ngữ của động từ “is 
talking” 
 Ngoài “who”, đại từ quan hệ có các từ khác như: “whom”, “which”, “that”, “whose”. 
Cách dùng được minh họa trong bảng tóm tắt dưới đây: 
Relative 
Pronouns 
Cách dùng Ví dụ 
WHO 
Đại từ làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, thay 
thế cho 1 tiến từ chỉ người) 
I told you about the man who 
lives next door. 
WHICH 
Đại từ làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, thay 
thế cho 1 tiến từ chỉ đồ vật, sự vật) 
Do you see the cat which is lying 
on the roof? 
WHICH 
Đại từ làm chủ ngử, thay thế cho 1 tiến 
từ là toàn bộ ý của câu nói trước) 
His father cannot read, which 
surprised me. [chú ý có dấu phẩy] 
WHOM 
Đại từ làm tân ngữ -túc từ, thay thế cho 1 
tiến từ chỉ người) 
I was asked by the professor 
whom I met at the conference. 
THAT 
Đại từ làm chủ ngữ, hoặc tân ngữ, thay 
thế cho 1 tiến từ chỉ người, đồ vật, sự 
vật, hoặc thay thê tiền từ gồm người và 
vật) trong Defining Clauses 
The men and the animals that 
are travelling over the desert are 
from Yemen. [chủ ngữ gồm người 
và con vật] 
WHOSE 
Tính từ sở hữu chì thuộc tính sở hữu 
giữa tiến từ và đồ vật, sự vật trong mệnh 
đề quan hệ 
They gave help to the man whose 
son was missing. [son thuộc sở 
hữu của man] 
 Phân biêt Relative Pronouns là Chủ Ngũ hay Tân Ngữ. 
 1. Nếu đi theo sau đại từ quan hệ là một ĐỘNG TỪ, thì nó là CHỦ NGỮ. 
 e.g. The boy WHO is playing (WHO là chủ ngữ); The films WHICH is shown at 
(WHICH là chủ ngữ) 
 2. Nếu đi theo sau đại từ quan hệ KHÔNG phải là động từ, mà là 1 danh từ hoặc đại từ 
khác, như he, she, it, theythì đại từ quan hệ đó là TÂN NGỮ. 
e.g. The boy THAT they are looking for (THAT là tân ngữ) 
 The book WHICH you borrowed from me (WHICH là tân ngữ) 
Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ Với Giới Từ (Relative Clause With Prepositions) 
 Nếu Động Từ của MĐQH phải dùng giới từ, ta đặt giới từ đó ở cuối mệnh đề. Ví dụ: 
 listen to 
 - The music is good. Julie listens to the music. 
  The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good. 
 work with 
 - My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman. 
  My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with. 
 go to 
 - The country is very hot. He went to the country. 
  The country (which / that) he went to is very hot. 
 come from 
 - I visited the city. John comes from the city. 
  I visited the city (that / which) John comes from. 
 apply for 
 - The job is well paid. She applied for the job. 
  The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid. 
Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ Với WHERE, WHEN, WHY 
 Một Trạng Từ Quan Hệ (Relative Adverb) có thể thay thế Đại Từ Quan Hệ + giới 
từ. Với dạng câu này nghe sẽ dễ hiểu hơn. Ví dụ: 
 a. This is the shop in which I bought my bike.[in which thay bằng where] 
  This is the shop where I bought my bike. 
 b.I live in a city. I study in the city. 
  I live in the city where I study.  I live in the city that / which I study in. 
  I live in the city in which I study. 
 c. The bar in HCM City is still there. I met my wife in that bar. 
  The bar in HCM City where I met my wife is still there. 
  The bar in HCM City that / which I met my wife in is still there. 
  The bar in HCM City in which I met my wife is still there. 
 d. The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer. 
  The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot. 
  The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot. 
  The summer in which I graduated was long and hot. 
 e. He came to the meeting late for that reason. He didn’t tell me the reason. 
  He didn’t tell me the reason for which he came late to the meeting. 
  He didn’t tell me the reason why he came late to the meeting. 
 Chú Ý: Khi tiền từ (antecedent) là 1 danh từ chỉ địa điểm, nơi chốn, thời gian, nguyên 
nhân, ta cần phân tích kỹ tiền từ đó làm nhiệm vụ gì trong MĐQH để dùng WHICH 
hoặc WHERE, WHEN, WHY cho đúng. e.g. Hãy so sánh: 
 (a) This is the hotel..we stayed during our holiday in Huế. 
 CẤn Chính Trường EXTRA COURSE 10 & 11 RELATIVE CLAUSES 
 (b) This is the hotelmy uncle recommnded to us for our holiday. 
 (c) The reason .I meet you is to ask for your permission to have 2 days off. 
 (d) The reason..I told him was that I need 2 days off. 
 Trong ví dụ (a), tiền từ HOTEL làm trạng ngữ chỉ địa điểm cho động từ STAYED 
trong MĐQH, cho nên ta phải dùng WHERE. This is the hotel where we stayed during 
our holiday.. Trong ví dụ (b), HOTEL làm nhiệm vụ tân ngữ cho động từ 
RECOMMENDED, do đó ta phải dùng WHICH. This is the hotel which my uncle 
recommended to us. 
 Trong ví dụ (c), tiền từ REASON làm trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân-lý cho động từ “meet”, 
nên ta phải dùng WHY; trong ví dụ (d), tiền từ REASON làm nhiệm vụ Tân ngữ cho 
động từ “told”, cho nên ta phải dùng WHICH. 
Defining Relative Clause vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses 
1. Defining Relative Clause: là dạng MĐQH rất cần thiết để xác định rõ danh từ-tiến 
từ là ai, vật nào, sự việc gì. Ví dụ: Nếu không có thêm thông tin, danh từ “woman” 
trong câu sau sẽ không rõ ràng: – That’s the woman. [???] 
 Khi thêm 1MĐQH đi sau thì sẽ xác định rõ “woman” đó là ai: – That’s the woman 
who / that taught us English ten years ago. 
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses: là dạng mệnh đề quan hệ đi theo sau 1 tiền từ đã 
quá rõ ràng như: my father, Đa Huoai, London, the sun, Lan’s eyes. MĐQH ở đây chỉ 
có tác dụng thêm thông tin phụ, không cần thiết . 
 GHI NHỚ!  
 - Đại Từ Quan Hệ “THAT” KHÔNG được dùng trong Non-Defining Relative 
Clauses. THAT phải dùng sau “only, first, most, least, best, Nam’s, someone. 
something, anyone, anything, no one, nothing, everything, v.v.” 
 - Trước và sau các đại từ quan hệ trong Non-defining Relative Clause, phải viết thêm 
1 dấu phẩy (,) ; nếu mệnh đề đó kết thúc câu, chỉ thêm 1 dấu phẩy ở phía trước mệnh 
đề. 
 - Các đại từ quan hệ làm nhiệm vụ tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi, nhất là trong đàm thoại. 
Tuy nhiên, KHÔNG được bỏ đi, dù các đại từ quan hệ đó làm tân ngữ trong NON-
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
PRACTICE 
I. Subject Pronouns or Object Pronouns? Decide whether the relative pronoun is a 
subject pronoun or an object pronoun. 
1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? 
2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? 
3. apples that are lying on the table are bad. 
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. 
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. 
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. 
7. That is a museum which I like very much. 
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. 
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. 
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. 
II. Relative Pronouns (who / which / whose) Choose the correct relative pronoun 
(who, which, whose). 
1. This is the bank which was robbed yesterday. 
2. A boy whose sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. 
3. The man who robbed the bank had two pistols. 
4. He wore a mask which made him look like Mickey Mouse. 
5. He came with a friend who waited outside in the car. 
6. The woman who gave him the money was young. 
7. The bag which contained the money was yellow. 
8. The people who were in the bank were very frightened. 
9. A man whose mobile was ringing did not know what to do. 
10. A woman whose daughter was crying tried to calm her. 
11. The car which the bank robbers escaped in was orange. 
12. The robber whose mask was obviously too big didn't drive. 
13. The man who drove the car was nervous. 
14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights which were red. 
15.The police officer whose car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested 
them. 
III. Decide whether the relative pronouns must be used or not. 
1. A calendar is something which tells you the date. 
2. Strikers are soccer players who try to score goals for their team. 
3. Jane is a person who everybody likes. 
4. A stamp is something which you put on a letter if you want to send it. 
5. The Thames is a river which runs through London. 
6. Cheese is food which mice like eating. 
7. A racket is something which you use to hit a ball when you play tennis or 
badminton. 
8. Socks are things which you wear on your feet. 
9. A guide is a person who shows tourists around around a place. 
10. Love is a feeling which nobody can describe. 
IV. Relative Adverbs. Fill in the gap with the correct relative adverb. 
1. This is the station.....Emily met James. 
2. July and August are the months......most people go on holiday. 
3. Do you know the reason......so many people in the world learn English? 
4. This is the church......Sue and Peter got married. 
5. Edinburgh is the town......Alexander Graham Bell was born. 
6. 25
th 
December is the day......children in Great Britain get their Christmas presents. 
7. A famine was the reason......so many Irish people emigrated to the USA in the 19th 
century. 
8. A greengrocer's is a shop......you can buy vegetables. 
9. The day......I arrived was very nice. 
 CẤn Chính Trường EXTRA COURSE 10 & 11 RELATIVE CLAUSES 
10. A horror film was the reason......I couldn't sleep last night. 
V. Combine the two sentences into one. Use who / whom / that / which. 
1. The pill made me sleepy. I took it. 
2. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch. 
3. I have a class. It begins at 8 a.m. 
4. All of the people can come. I asked them to my party. 
5. I lost a scarf. I borrowed it from my roommate. 
6. The bus is always crowded. I take it to school every morning. 
7. The woman predicted my future. She read my palm. 
8. A lion is an animal. This animal lives in Africa. 
9. A globe is a ball. This ball has a map of the world on it. 
10.Where can I catch the bus? It goes downtown. 
VI. Combine the two sentences into one. Use who/ whom/ that/ which. 
1. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it. 
2. One of the chief things is to save money, manpower, and time. A computer can do 
this thing. 
3. Immigration is an issue. This issue raises strong emotions. 
4. There is evidence that many men were in fact willing to accept the company's 
revised pay offer. These men went on strike. 
5. The gales caused widespread damage. They swept across southern England last nis 
6. British shipyards are now quoting prices. These prices compare favorably with 
foreign competitors. 
7. Is the offer still open? You made the offer last week. 
8. Only by exporting enough can we pay for the goods. We buy these goods from 
abroad. 
9. Members of the local sub-aqua club came across a wreck. It^ha'd lain on the sea-bed 
for over 200 years. 
10. I know the very person. He will do the job quickly. 
VII. Join the following sentences using relative pronouns or relative adverbs. 
1. Sally and Sue are twins. They always wear the same clothes. 
2. I met my friends at the cafe. It is on the corner of my street. 
3. The man is a famous athlete. He is sitting opposite you. 
4. My uncle is a baker. He knows everyone in the village. 
5. The dog had to be examined by a vet. It bit me. 
6. I applied for a job. Someone had already taken it. 
7. My favourite flowers are roses. They are also the most expensive. 
VIII. Identify which sentence contains defining relative cluses and which contans 
non-defining ones. In which sentence can the relative pronoun be omitted? 
1. Thomas and Archibald who are rather boring never get invited to parties. 
2. That’s the politician who lost the election. 
3. The girl who was sitting next to me during the test was cheating. 
4. People who don’t believe in God are called atheists. 
5. Jane Smith who comes from Canada had to resit the exam. 
6. Can you give me the cup which is on the top shelf? 
7. The boy who spoke to us after the concert is the one who plays drums in the band. 
8. The athlete who won the race was from China 
IX. Fill in the blanks with a suitable relative pronoun or relative adverb where 
necessary. 
1. He’s the author whose novel became a best seller. 
2. The meeting...........I attended was the final one before the company went into 
liquidation. 
3. The man with the parrot is the one.....went mad and now thinks that he is Long John 
Silver! 
4. India is the country.......I spent the early years of my life. 
5. Monday was the day.......they left for France. 
6. Children always want to know the reason..........things are as they are. 
7. The person to.......this letter is addressed no longer lives here. 
8. People.......work under the sun should wear hats. 
9. The film.......was on television last night was based on a novel by Umberto Eco. 
10. The place.......the party was held was a luxurious mansion on 53rd Street. 
X. Combine the sentences, using relative clauses and commas if necessary. 
1. Ann is very friendly. She lives next door. 
2. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. Ann recommended it to us. 
3. We went to Sandra's party. We enjoyed it very much. 
4. I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for a few days. 
5. John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a very long time. 
6. Sheila is away from home a.lot. Her job involves a lot of travelling. 
7. The new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold 90,000 people. 
8. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. It is only 30 miles away. 
9. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. My brother lives there. 
10. London was once the largest crty in the world. The population is now falling. 
XI. . Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which. 
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. 
 The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital. 
2. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient. 
 The.......................................................................... 
3. A building was destroyed in the fire. lt has now been rebuilt. 
 The.......................................................................... 
4. Some people were arrested. They have now been released. 
 The ......................................................................... 
5. A bus goes to the airport. lt runs every half hour. 
 The........................................................................... 
6. Someone left this for you. He came here this morning. 
 Someone.................................................................